Couplings play a crucial role in mechanical systems by connecting rotating components and transmitting torque and motion between them. They provide a flexible and reliable means of joining shafts while accommodating misalignments and compensating for vibrations. In this detailed answer, we will explore the various types of couplings commonly used in mechanical systems, their characteristics, and their functioning principles.
- Flexible Couplings: Flexible couplings are designed to accommodate misalignment between shafts while transmitting torque. They provide flexibility through the use of elastomeric materials or flexible elements. There are several types of flexible couplings:
a. Jaw Couplings: Jaw couplings consist of two hubs with curved jaw-like structures and an elastomeric spider between them. The spider absorbs misalignment and torsional vibrations while transmitting torque.
b. Oldham Couplings: Oldham couplings have three components: two hubs with perpendicular slots and a central disc with matching tongues. As the hubs rotate, the disc slides within the slots, accommodating misalignment.
c. Gear Couplings: Gear couplings use gear teeth to transmit torque between two hubs. These couplings are highly durable and can accommodate high torque and misalignment.
- Rigid Couplings: Rigid couplings are used when precise alignment between shafts is critical. They do not accommodate misalignment but provide a solid and stiff connection between shafts. Common types of rigid couplings include:
a. Sleeve Couplings: Sleeve couplings are simple and economical. They consist of a hollow cylinder (sleeve) that connects two shafts. The shafts are inserted into each end of the sleeve, and keyways or set screws secure the connection.
b. Flanged Couplings: Flanged couplings have flanges on each end that are bolted together to connect the shafts. They provide a more secure connection than sleeve couplings and are commonly used in heavy-duty applications.
c. Clamp Couplings: Clamp couplings use clamping screws to hold the shafts together tightly. They provide a strong connection and are often used in precision applications.
- Fluid Couplings: Fluid couplings transmit torque using hydraulic fluid. They provide smooth and controlled power transmission and can act as a torque converter. One common type of fluid coupling is the hydrodynamic coupling, which consists of an impeller and a runner enclosed in a shell filled with hydraulic fluid. When the impeller rotates, it induces fluid flow, transmitting torque to the runner.
- Magnetic Couplings: Magnetic couplings use magnetic fields to transmit torque between shafts. They consist of a driving magnet and a driven magnet, with a non-magnetic barrier in between. When the driving magnet rotates, the magnetic field passes through the barrier, causing the driven magnet to rotate.
